We Come to Our Conclusion: Why a Theodicy of Incarnation?

 The approach to Theodicy I have proposed attempts a three things: 1) honesty, 2) humanity, 3) faithfulness to a Scriptural understanding of Jesus of Nazareth as revealed in the Gospels.

Honesty

I think this one is most vital in our age.  One of the main tasks of the Church in this upcoming generation is rebuilding trust.  Christians have done a dismal job at presenting themselves and their faith in a trust-worthy manner.  And I believe most of this comes down to a lack of honesty.  I don’t think I need to go into details of examples, but I will use theology as one example.  In witnessing approaches to suffering there is a notable lack of honesty, particularly when we try to come up with answers (In other words when we try to theologize ourselves out of the pain). We have to explain it!  But why?  For whom?  What are we trying to prove? 

Common approaches to the problem of the Theodicy are a Calvinist approach stating that God is sovereign, and all things are predestined.  Humans are utterly deprived, and capable of no good on their own.  If humans are absolutely evil (which they are in Calvinism), it is because they are simply acting in their nature (like wild beasts).  Plagues, genocide, child abuse are all in God’s sovereign plan of salvation. Thus, they compromise the goodness of God.  God is absolutely in control, therefore God is ultimately the cause of suffering and evil, but ultimately all for His Glory.  So not only is God not good, God is apparently a sadistic-egoist.  And good riddance to human free-will or relationship; God has plans!

Arminians attempt to argue that God is sovereign, but self-limiting to maintain free-will.  This, I would think is the healthiest version, but still falls short.  They maintain the Devil is real, and is a real enemy of God and humans (not an issue in Christian theology), and God is waiting for the final victory to wipe away them and their followers for good.  Why wait?  Well, we are in this period where God is sort of active, but not too much. God is giving us time to repent before the final axe is cut.  Natural “evil” (such as earthquakes and disease) is due to the fall of creation, and inevitably bad things happen, not because God is unable to help, but unwilling in order to maintain the proper balance.  They believe that creation is ultimately flawed because of the fall, and in my opinion denies the absolute goodness of creation.  Also, God can help, but won’t.  Suffering is seen as ultimately bad and not a part of the plan, or the intention of God, but God allows it for now.

Gregory Boyd’s “Open Theism” approach is an extension of this.  Boyd attempts to devise a series of theorems that ultimately lead to God initiating a “zero-sum” game between good and evil, which reads more like a Zoroastrian Theology than a Christian one.  God is intentionally self-limiting, so God may want to help, but can’t/won’t in most cases because He limits Himself to maintain freedom of all creation.  Huge in Boyd’s Theodicy is the concept of Spiritual Warfare, where all suffering and evil happen because of the involvement of demons (and angels).  Natural catastrophes are because of demons interacting with nature to cause suffering for humans. Diseases I suppose are from demons manipulating the genomes of bacteria, or am I going too far in my assumptions?  Again, one must ask after reading these three theorems (out of many), what are these persons trying to prove and to what end?  Surely not for apologetics?!?

Honesty requires a very real and empirical look at our world before, during, and after we read Scripture.  Honesty requires as certain epistemology in which the sensory world takes primacy over Scripture; that is how the stories of our faith and of other religions came into existence in the first place.  The world was observed, and stories were developed and recorded.  A dishonest theology is one that looks at Scripture and attempts to contort and rationalize the world to fit.  The three theologies above in my opinion are dishonest theology.  Arminianism coming closest to honesty.  Because in all honesty, we do not know why suffering and evil happen all the time. We know that evil is the result of humanity’s free-will, and that we are collectively responsible for systematic injustice, but we do not know how the victims of abuse or war or disease are ultimately chosen.  And, that is not our job (though we can and should advocate for the victims).

Incarnation Theodicy, does not explain away suffering, it permits one to “sit in” the suffering without having to explain it away.  It also commends one, like Jesus, to both suffer with people, and to advocate for people who are suffering or are victims.  The theodicy I propose is honest, but not comfortable.  Life is not comfortable, but the Christian Confession is that it is good, and can be redeemed.

Humanity

Of all the books on theodicy I have ever read, C.S. Lewis’ “A Grief Observed” was by the far the best.  I would recommend it to anyone who is suffering grief, and to any theologian about to get a M. Div.  In this book C.S. Lewis graphically accounts for his honest struggle with faith in the loss of his beloved wife.  This great Christian Theologian is above all else in this book, human. One of the things that cannot be lost in our search for answers is our humanity.  I fear that when we offer formulas or try to theologize our way of our suffering we become like Job’s friends.  We attempt to offer comfort, but end up denying the suffering of others by trying to explain it away. 

In the Incarnation we believe God experiences our humanity in Jesus.  In fact, as Christians we believe God made it a specific point, not only to be human, but to suffer as a human.  When we offer ways out of that suffering, we deny the intention of the Incarnation.  We also risk not being faithful to our calling to be Christ to those who suffer.  Jesus never offered an answer to the “why,” but he did show us a way to approach suffering.  So too, I think we are not to offer answers, but to be with people who suffer.  It is in presence we our most faithful to being Christ in suffering situations, not in explanations or elaborate theologies

Faithfulness to Scripture

Ultimately, in any theology we must be faithful to Scripture.  While the Anglican understanding of revelation also includes tradition and reason, Scripture is always held as having primacy.  And if we approach theodicy in the light of Jesus we see that Incarnation Theodicy is the most faithful.  The Christian Messiah is disturbing. Disturbing because he does not wipe away the suffering and evil of the world, but approaches it, bears it, and in doing so conquerors it in His own particular way.  The Christian Messiah does not offer an easy way out, but a redemptive way through.  While I have no doubt that the various theodicies offered are based on certain readings of Scripture, I find they must inevitably neglect the Gospels.   I am going off a hermeneutic that holds the Gospels as having primacy over the rest of Scripture, much like the Jewish people hold Torah as having primacy over the other books.  Some may disagree, but I believe Jesus is the ultimate litmus test, not Paul’s letters, nor Apocryphal literature.  And if that is the case, then Incarnation Theodicy is the only viable, albeit uncomfortable theodicy.

Also, if I may protest Calvinsim in particular here.  To me, it appears John Calvin attempts to apply too much logic to the Scriptures.  Meaning, ultimately I believe for him it is reason, not Jesus that holds the key to his theology.  Calvin cannot hold the tension of mystery…many Western Theologians can’t.  And yet, Scripture and Creation both allude to mystery as trumping our reason.  The reader must decide.  What I will say is that Incarnation allows for mystery, allows God to be God, offers mortals to be mortals, and asks for a radical trust of the participant, and a faithfulness in suffering that the other theodicies attempt to evade.  Let me make my point: Christian Scripture is very very clear…suffering IS a part of the Christian life.  To deny that is in essence to deny Christ, to deny God’s salvific act.

What About Job?

I want to end with some final thoughts on the man who started it all: Job.  In the encounter with God there are some things that come to light: 1) God does not fault Job for the protest.  The wrestling with God is permitted (encouraged?). 2) Job did sin…Job ultimately lacked that radical trust.  Job had a formula which he followed expecting blessing, and it failed.  Job’s anger towards God is that God did not behave the way God was supposed to behave.  God broke out of Job’s expectation, and Job reacted.  However, in the speech of God, God makes it clear that there is so much beyond Job’s life and Job’s suffering, and that ultimately God is good, God is bigger than Job’s expectations and comprehension, and God is also free. These are things us mortals do not like to hear.

We Are All in This Together

In closing, I will say that we see all around us suffering in this world, and we look for answers.  We see that in many cases evil seems to triumph and we ask: Is God silent?  To the outward appearance, and to a non-Christian perspective the answer is a despairing “yes.”  But I offer that to the Christian, it is a resounding and triumphant, “NO.”  God is not silent, God is here in this mess with us. Incarnational Theodicy claims that God dwells in us, so when we are present to those who suffer, God is with them and us. God has not abandoned us, nor will He.  It is in our suffering and in our brokenness we have the opportunity to see God’s love and grace in its most terrifying colors.  Any god or non-god will do when joy and prosperity abound…but what of the times when suffering abounds and seems to triumph?  In those times we quickly understand how much of our faith is ash, how much of our belief was not in a god, but in idols, and we see how naïve and fragile we really are. I believe it is in those times we are ready to see Jesus’ death on the cross as something more powerful than anything.  In Jesus, God has suffered with us, is suffering with us, and will see it through until He wipes every tear from our eyes.  And so the Christian Confession of Suffering I think is: God suffers with us, we suffer with God, and hand-in-hand we suffer with each other.  And so the Great Reconciliation begins and continues to change us forever.

Incarnation: A Christian Theodicy

In the light of the Incarnation I would like to propose a Theodicy. I think it has existed for quite some time, I am just naming it for the purpose of this blog. Is there something called “Incarnation Theodicy?” If not, I will use the term in this blog. What I will offer is a Theodicy based primarily on the event of the Incarnation. And in doing so, I will offer the possibility that it is the questions that need to change, because we need to change.

For a discussion on what is the point of suffering in a Christian Context I will refer to an interview I had with a clinical psychologist who is ordained in the Episcopal Church.

Christianity as an Invitation to Suffering

So what is a Christian Theodicy in looking at Jesus of Nazareth? In an interview with Dr. Pamela Nesbit, who is the Episcopal Archdeacon of the Diocese of Pennsylvania, we explored this topic. First, I talked to her about my experience in other denominations having difficulty with this topic. I was curious as to why she feels that in the Episcopal tradition there seems to be less anxiety over death and suffering theologically, where in other traditions it appears more problematic. She responded:

“Well in our theology, there is not a connection between suffering and God's love for us. Even in suffering, there is never the question, 'does God love me?' In fact, there is no Gospel warrant for a life devoid of suffering. The avoidance of suffering is not Christian.”

So what is a Christian way to answer “why suffering?”

“[In suffering] We are to seek wisdom and transformation through it. There is a larger picture than just our own suffering. There is an acceptance that suffering is a part of the mystery; the 'whole of things.'”

Later she went on to say, “Christianity is an invitation of faith to suffer. The first step to that is surrender. Alcoholics Anoymous' 1^st step in their 12-step program is all about this; they get it. Something happens in our life that will lead to an absolute brokenness, an utter failure of ego that will facilitate metanoia (repentance, or changing of heart.). The first step into this journey is to surrender to God it all. To evade suffering, or to use Christianity or any religion to try to get out of suffering is a delusion. You will only have illusion as a result. Good religion is that which breaks you open. Only a faith that breaks me open can save me. Again, if I try to evade the pain it will lead me to an illusion. If we respond to suffering in cynicism that is only a defense mechanism. It is the openness to suffering that can break us and save us.”

Well that sounds frightening.

“To the ego it absolutely is. God is scary. God is asking you to give up your self, to go through ego-annihilation.” She went on to say that in faith “suffering transmutes itself into love.”

I was a bit timid to ask, but I asked as a woman in ministry, you are a sort of theologian. Do you think there is any difference in a masculine or feminine approach to theodicy? Her response was that masculinity seeks to rationalize and understand suffering, where femininity tends more to the relational aspect of the issue. Take Job for example, if you are looking to try to figure the precise “why?” to Job's suffering, or in the midst of that suffering try to formulate your way out of it, you will not, you can't. A feminine approach is more concerned with the relational; so if that is your focus, the Book of Job is easier to comprehend. God is God, we are mortal and will be taken care of no matter what in the end; there is more going on in this whole thing than just our suffering...trust. Trust is relational, not cerebral.

So in the midst of that suffering, how do you offer pastoral assistance to those suffering?

“You do everything to be Christ to that person, and that means being present in it, not necessarily trying to fix it. Just be with.”

But what about injustice? Do we just sit and do nothing?

“They are two different things. One is being present to that person in their suffering. Once they are cared for, you can advocate for that person. Two separate acts, but both are important.” She went on, “In Christ, God and the human are together, we are to be that, that is the Christian response to suffering in others. When I am in the position of being there for people who are suffering, I pray, 'Be here, Christ be here.'”

Incarnation Changes the Questions

As I reflected on the interview the phrase that came to me was: Christianity is an invitation to suffering. That is certainly not the advertisement we hear in most churches. And yet, if we look to Jesus as the prime revelation of God, we see this to be accurate. If Incarnation is real, in Jesus God is the innocent victim, not the abuser, not the oppressor. In Christ, God is the servant, not the conqueror. In Christ, God is the bearer and healer of our pain, not the cause. In Jesus we do not see a “fix” perse to suffering or the evil caused by others; we see God's response to it. Instead of avoiding suffering, we see Christ is in the suffering, is present in it...”God with us.” In the defeat of life, we are victorious. It reminds me of a quote to which I cannot remember who said it, “Our victory is in the folly of the cross.” To further expound on this emphasis of Incarnation in suffering I want to quote Richard Rohr, a Franciscan monk:

“In Jesus we have an almost extreme example of God taking sides. It starts with one who empties himself of all divinity (see Philippians 2:6-7), comes as a homeless baby in a poor family, then a refugee in a foreign country, then an invisible carpenter in his own country which is colonized and occupied by an imperial power, ending as a "criminal," accused and tortured by heads of both systems of power, temple and empire, abandoned by most of his inner circle, subjected to the death penalty by a most humiliating and bizarre public ritual, and finally buried quickly in an unmarked grave. If God in any way planned this story line, God surely intended the message to be subversive, clear, and unavoidable. Yet we largely made Jesus into a churchy icon that any priestly or policing establishment could gather around without even blushing.”

In Jesus, it seems the real question of suffering and evil is changed. The “why” seems irrelevant if God appears to dive headstrong in it with us. In fact, it is in the suffering we come to know Him more, because that is how He came to know us more. The question is almost “how will I suffer with God?” and “how will God suffer with me; how will God suffer with us?” Is that too far? If we seek God; if we seek to be like Jesus of Nazareth, our entire approach to suffering and evil is changed, particularly in the light of the Resurrection. And so what does that mean for Christianity today? How can we suffer with God? And how does God suffer with us?

“An incarnational bias is evident today in our globalized culture. The "problem" of immigrants, welfare recipients, incarcerated, mentally ill, . . . disabled, and all who are marginalized by mainstream society, is a problem of the incarnation. When we reject our relatedness to the poor, the weak, the simple, and the unlovable we define the family of creation over and against God. In place of God we decide who is worthy of our attention and who can be rejected. Because of our deep fears, we spend time, attention, and money on preserving our boundaries of privacy and increasing our knowledge and power. We hermetically seal ourselves off from the undesired "other," the stranger, and in doing so, we seal ourselves off from God. By rejecting God in the neighbor, we reject the love that can heal us.

Until we come to accept created reality with all its limits and pains as the living presence of God, Christianity has nothing to offer to the world. It is sound bites of empty promises. When we lose the priority of God's love in weak, fragile humanity, we lose the Christ, the foundation on which we stand as Christians.” --Ilia Delio, a Franciscan scientist and theologian

Christian Answers: Reconciliation and Resurrection 

To approach the issue of Theodicy in Christian Terms, in terms of the Incarnation is to shift one's worldview entirely. The suffering of the self, the concern for the self is inverted to the outside world and to others' suffering. The question changes from “why did she get cancer?” to “how can I support her and her family?” It is not to ask “why did that car accident happen that injured me?” but to ask, “how in this injury can I be Christ to others?” And it is not to ask “where will all the migrants go?” but “how can we provide a home for the stranger?” In terms of suffering through conflict (and God knows we have plenty of that), the Christian question is “how can we reconcile?”

Reconciliation seems almost impossible in most circumstances, and yet in Christ the Great Reconciliation was initiated. With such an emphasis on forgiveness, loving one's enemies (and friends), we would think Christians would play a more active role in healing divisions instead of creating them. But, in order to do that we first have to be saved by grace...we have to be willing to admit our own faults. I love the “Prayer for Enemies,” from the Book of Common Prayer, “lead them and us from prejudice to truth; deliver them and us from hatred, cruelty and revenge.” It is in reconciliation the power of evil is nullified. But reconciliation can only happen when: a) we are humble enough to admit our faults and so can take responsibility for our actions and b) we are willing to have compassion on those who hurt us. Again, an act only possible to those who have been saved by grace in brokenness by suffering.

I think this is particularly difficult for us as Americans. There is good and bad to every philosophy and culture, but in American (and much of Western) Culture we focused largely on the individual, and incidentally our self and our egos. In America, mediocrity is failure, and we are very very good at pursuing financial success and popularity at any cost. We typically do not value simplicity, but extravagance, and we will ignore and neglect relationships that get in the way. This I think inevitably leads to an inability to share each others' pain and vulnerability, and so we cut ourselves off from a vital Christian spiritual practice. We fail to see Christ in the stranger (forget about our enemies). We cannot understand Jesus of Nazareth if we view life as a right and salvation as an achievement. And in modern mainstream America it is viewed as such. One needs to accept saving knowledge, not grace. For if one did accept grace, there would be a lot less judgment. One who knows they have been saved by grace (that is one who has been broken and experienced grace), does not question the worthiness of another to receive it. On the opposite end, if my life is my life and I have a right to it, how dare God or any theology ask me to sacrifice and suffer for others in that “grace”...let them do it on their own, I have.

I digress.

To summarize, in using Incarnation as a basis for Theodicy, the questions we ask change, and that is because we are asked/invited to change. Through Jesus' life we see that to evade suffering is not Christian. Because of the resurrection, we have a hope and faith that this suffering will be a gateway to a life everlasting; that any loss we suffer will be returned to us in a new life (both in this life and the next). But, the cost to such a life is pain (as we see in Christ). The Resurrection of Jesus turns suffering into an opportunity; curse into a blessing, and gives us hope in our despair.

In the last blog I will try to address criticisms to this Theodicy, and argue why other approaches are dangerous and inadequate.

Theodicy VII: The Theodicy of Resurrection

We finally get a break from the darkness, don’t we?  Today is the day that Christians around the world celebrate Easter, or as I prefer to call it “The Feast of the Resurrection.”  After suffering a humiliating death, Jesus of Nazareth is raised from the dead.  We have a lot of hopes and poems that go with this event, as we should…this event is almost euphoric, but what does it have to do with Theodicy?  Absolutely nothing if one has not suffered.  I think the Gospel stories show that for those who have not suffered, or who have run from suffering, this Resurrection is simply a wonderful fairy-tale; a hope that their ego will be perpetuated throughout eternity.  Only to the broken, to the oppressed, to those who Jesus brought good news will the Resurrection be any true light of hope.  The Resurrection is only really significant to those who have suffered; to the prosperous it is bad news.  Let’s look at some stories.

The First Witnesses

All the Gospel accounts agree the first persons to see the Resurrected Jesus are the ones who stood by him during his crucifixion, the women.  The women did not abandon him, they were present in his suffering, and so were the first to see and recognize him.  Mary Magdalene in John’s Gospel is the first one to recognize Jesus and tell the rest of the disciples.  She is known in the Eastern Church as an “apostle to the apostles,” for she was the first witness to Jesus being raised from the dead and share the good news.

Those who did not suffer with Jesus have a more difficult time recognizing him in the stories.  Take the gentlemen on the Emmaus Road in the Gospel of Luke for example. Jesus walks with them for quite a bit, but they do not recognize him.  They are caught up in their own worlds, their own disappointments. Once the gentlemen and Jesus get to Emmaus, Jesus is about to walk off, but the gentlemen insist on providing hospitality to the stranger and invite him to dinner.  Jesus accepts the invitation.  It is at the table, the sharing of a meal (an intimate act), they finally recognize Jesus for who he is.  They did not recognize the Risen Jesus by sharing suffering, but through welcoming and sharing a meal with the stranger.  Let this be a word to “Prosperity Gospel” Christians…if you insist on NOT suffering, you better damn well welcome the stranger into your lives showing radical hospitality.  If you do neither, you will have no part in the Risen Lord.

The Difficulty of Good News to Those Who Do Not Suffer

In the Gospel of John we have the famous story of “Doubting Thomas,” but in Luke’s Gospel the rest of the disciples don’t fare any better.  Or I should say the “men” don’t fare any better. Remember it was the men who abandoned Jesus, they did not stand by his side to suffer with him as the women did.  They were not present in his suffering.  So in the Gospel of Luke when Jesus appears to them they don’t believe it.  “We are seeing a ghost,” they say to themselves. Mind you, the women who witnessed the Resurrection had already told them Jesus had risen…but they still could not believe. So they have to see and touch his wounds; they still don’t believe.  Then they give him something to eat to convince themselves more.  Finally, they are convinced.  Thomas probably heard this display, and made his demand “I will not believe unless I put my hands in his wounds.”  Whether they like it or not, they are going to have to recognize Jesus’ suffering before they can believe in his Resurrection. But why the doubt?  Well, it is an outrageous story.  But, I am not convinced that is what we are being taught in these stories.  Surely they saw the miracles before; they ought to be open to the miraculous. The persistent theme appears to be that those who suffer are able to receive the Good News, those who run away from suffering will not get it; they will refuse to believe, or worse…they simply are unable to believe.

There is Something Different about You Jesus

But what about Jesus?  I mean, certainly we don’t believe that it can all go back to the way it was before the gruesome ordeal.  After suffering abandonment, humiliation, immense pain, despair, and death…that will leave its mark.  And it does. Jesus seems well healed, but he still has the marks of that suffering.  And what of the men on the road to Emmaus?  They seemed to know who Jesus was before the Crucifixion; why were they so upset if they had not known him?  Yet, they do not recognize him now.  Something has changed Jesus enough to make him unrecognizable.  Suffering and brokenness can do that; more so if one gets through it healed (but with scars). 

What the Gospels teach us about suffering and the Resurrected Jesus is that something has changed in who he is.  He is the “same, but different.”  Suffering has changed him, for the only thing between the Last Supper and this moment was His Passion and Death.

The Good News?

In the Resurrection of Jesus we see a story that declares suffering and evil do not have the final word, and that certainly is hopeful.  The Christian believes that death is not the end; defeat in pain is not how the story will end.  Death is real, but so is Resurrection. Is death conquered?  Obviously not, simply look around, but death does lose its sting; the power/fear of death is nullified.  The suffering Christian no longer has a fear of death, and in that there is the perfect freedom to love, which means the perfect freedom to obey the Mandate of Jesus.  There is something that endures through pain, that transcends suffering…and in Jesus we are given a promise God will raise that up on the last day. 

In the story of the death and resurrection of Jesus, we see that there is Good News indeed, but only to those who suffer (and/or those who suffer with others).  For Jesus, the suffering of the cross was the gateway to the glory of the Resurrection.  For us, our own suffering and trauma can be a gateway to glory, but how?  Because somehow in pain and suffering we are able to see the proper relationship between us and God in a distilled way; an awareness of Absolute Powerlessness is the first step to Surrender to God.  

For the women who suffered with Jesus during his crucifixion, that brave and compassionate act prepared them to be the first witnesses to the Resurrection.  In experiencing other people’s pain or our own we prepare ourselves for Resurrection, and for new life because we become critically aware of our own mortality, and our own limits.  We are on the path to dying to self, dying to sin, so that we may be made alive in a different way.  Perhaps it is better to say in suffering, we prepare ourselves for a new altered vision and understanding of Creation.  But to those who refuse to suffer, who evade it, who trample others to run away from it, the Resurrection is meaningless. In fact, it should be terrifying.  Resurrection does not deny death…we all will die.  We all will experience that moment where we will have nothing to cling to but the will of the Creator for our continued existence.  To some that will be wonderful; to others terrifying.  And not because they don’t believe in God, but because they never suffered enough, never surrendered enough, and so never trusted enough in the abundant goodness of God in the face of their extinction.

So…Alleluia! Christ is Risen!  Glory to God in the Highest and peace to you who suffer, to those who are oppressed, to those who grieve, to those who are poor or sick, to those who know death!  This is your day of Victory!  From the story of Jesus t appears you are the precious ones of God, and with you He shows particular care and favor.  God is with you now…and will see you through to the end.

On the last blog I will expand this further.  In the light of Jesus’ life, death and Resurrection I will finally answer “What is a Christian Approach to Suffering and Evil?”  Also, I will discuss some errors in trying to explain “why” evil and suffering exists; and how such intentions can fall into the sin of Job’s friends.